tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70557857167748894502024-02-20T00:30:22.607-08:00SISTEM GERAK PADA MANUSIANURRIJALhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11998250858580061409noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7055785716774889450.post-16364138924939540172009-11-11T23:40:00.000-08:002009-11-18T06:44:48.902-08:00SISTEM GERAK PADA MANUSIA<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Clakupa%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Clakupa%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><link 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style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:20pt;" >Gerak <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Salah satu ciri dari makhluk hidup adalah bergerak. Secara umum gerak dapat diartikan berpindah tempat atau perubahan posisi sebagian atau seluruh bagian dari tubuh makhluk hidup. Makhluk hidup akan bergerak bila aka impuls atau rangsangan yang mengenai sebagian atau<span style=""> </span>seluruh bagian tubuhnya.<span style=""> </span>Pada hewan dan manusia dapat mewakili pengertian gerak secara umum dan dapat dilihat dengan kasat mata/secara nyata. Gerak pada manusia dan hewan menggunakan alat gerak yang tersusun dalam sistem gerak. </p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Sedangkan untuk tumbuhan, gerak yang dilakukan tidak akan terlihat oleh kasat mata karena terjadi di dalam suatu organ atau sel tumbuhan. Dengan demikian tidak dapat disamakan arti gerak pada seluruh makhluk hidup. Gerak pada tumbuhan juga melibatkan alat gerak, tetapi alat gerak yang digunakan tergantung dari impuls atau rangsangan yang mengenai sel/jaringan/organ tumbuhan tersebut. Pembahasan gerak pada tumbuhan akan lebih rinci pada bab selanjutnya di semester yang akan datang.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:20pt;" >Alat gerak <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Alat-alat gerak yang digunakan pada manusia dan hewan ada 2 macam yaitu alat gerak pasif berupa tulang dan alat gerak aktif berupa otot. Kedua alat gerak ini akan bekerja sama dalam melakukan pergerakan sehingga membentuk suatu sistem yang disebut sistem gerak.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><o:p></o:p>Tulang disebut alat gerak pasif karena tulang tidak dapat melakukan pergerakkannya sendiri. Tanpa adanya alat gerak aktif yang menempel pada tulang, maka tulang-tulang pada manusia dan hewan akan diam dan tidak dapat membentuk alat pergerakan yang sesungguhnya. Walaupun merupakan alat gerak pasif tetapi tulang mempunyai peranan yang besar dalam sistem gerak manusia dan hewan.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><o:p></o:p>Otot disebut alat gerak aktif karena otot memiliki senyawa kimia yaitu protein aktin dan myosin yang bergabung menjadi satu membentuk aktomiosin. Dengan aktomiosin inilah otot dapat bergerak. Sehingga pada saat otot menempel pada tulang dan bergerak dengan otomatis tulang juga akan bergerak.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><o:p></o:p>Dengan memiliki aktomiosin ini maka otot mempunyai sifat yang lentur/fleksibel dan mempunyai kemampuan untuk memendekkan serabut ototnya (pada saat kontraksi) dan memanjangkan serabut ototnya (pada saat relaksasi/kembali pada posisi semula)</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:20pt;" >Rangka/Skeleton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tulang-tulang <span style=""> </span>yang bergabung menjadi satu kasatuan disebut rangka atau skeleton. Berdasarkan letaknya skeleton dibedakan menjdi 2 jenis :</p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Eksoskeleton </span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu rangka yang terdapat di luar tubuh makhluk hidup. Skeleton jenis ini terdapat hampir di semua jenis Invertebarta tingkat rendah kecuali Protozoa, Invertebrata tingkat tinggi kecuali Phyllum Mollusca, Class Chepalopoda, species <i style="">Loligo sp</i>/cumi-cumi.<o:p>
<br /></o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style="">Endoskeleton <o:p></o:p></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu rangka yang terdapat di dalam tubuh makhluk hidup. Skeleton jenis ini terdapat pada seluruh Vertebrata, Class Pisces, Amphia, Reptilia, Aves dan Mammalia <b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">(PARAM)</span></b> kecuali Reptilia jenis Kura-kura dan Penyu. Selain itu terdapat juga di pada hewan Invertebrata Phyllum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda, species <i style="">Loligo sp</i>/cumi-cumi.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Fungsi rangka :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Memberikan bentuk tubuh makhluk hidup.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melindungi organ-organ tubuh yang vital.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Menahan dan menegakkan tubuh.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tempat pembentukan sel darah.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tempat perlekatan otot.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tempat penimbunan/penyimpanan zat kapur.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Sebagai alat gerak pasif.</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:20pt;" >Alat gerak pasif/tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tulang dapat dibedakan berdasarkan jaringan penyusunnya dan sifat-sifat fisik yaitu :</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >Tulang rawan/tulang muda/cartilago<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cartilago berfungsi untuk melindungi bagian ujung epifise tulang. Terutama dalam proses osifikasi/penulangan. Cartilago banyak banyak dijumpai pada masa bayi terutama pada saat proses perkembangan embrio menjadi fetus. Pembentukan rangka fetus di dominasi oleh cartilago. Seiring dengan perkembangan fetus menjadi bayi dan memasuki usia pertumbuhan serta dewasa, maka cartilage ini akan mengalami peristiwa osifikasi. Tetapi tidak semua cartilago dalam tubuh, masih ada beberapa yang tetap menjadi cartilago. Seperti dijumpai pada trachea/tenggorokan, daun telinga, hidung bagian ujung, ruas-ruas persendian tulang.</p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Cartilago tersusun atas matriks condrin yaitu berupa cairan kental yang banyak mengandung zat perekat kolagen yang tersusun atas protein dan sedikit zat kapur/Carbonat.<span style=""> </span>Dengan adanya condrin ini dapat memberikan sifat lentur pada cartilago. Pada anak-anak cartilage lebih banyak mengandung sel pembentuk tulang rawan dari pada matriks, sedangkan pada orang dewasa berkebalikan. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Cartilago dibentuk oleh zat pembentuk tulang rawan yang disebut dengan Condrosit. Tulang rawan berawal dari selaput tulang rawan yang disebut pericondrium. Pericondrium berfungsi untuk memberikan kebutuhan nutrisi bagi cartilage karena banyak mengandung pembuluh darah. Dalam pericondrium<span style=""> </span>banyak mengandung condroblast yaitu sel pembentuk condrosit.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Cartilago berdasarkan kandungan matriksnya dibedakan menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Cartilago Hialin<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Cartilago ini memiliki kandungan matriks homogen yang kaya akan serabut kolagen, transparan dan halus. Cartilago Hialin bersifat lentur/elastic dan kuat. Pada tubuh dapat dijumpai pada organ permukaan persendian, tulang iga dan pada saluran respirasi terutama dinding trachea yang berbentuk cincin.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Cartilago Fibrosa/serabut<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Cartilago ini memiliki kandungan matriks berupa berkas-berkas serabut kolagen. Cartilago Fibrosa bersifat kurang lentur. Dapat dijumpai pada ruas-ruas tulang belakang, pada tulang tempurung lutut (tendon dan ligamentum) dan tulang gelang panggul.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Cartilago Elastin/elastic<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Cartilago ini memiliki kandungan matriks berupa serabut elastic berwarna kuning yang bercabang-cabang. Bersifat lentur/elastic dan tidakakan berubah menjadi tulang sejati bila manusia beranjak<span style=""> </span>dewasa. Dapat dijumpai pada ujung hidung/cuping, saluran eustachius<span style=""> </span>(pada telinga bagian tengah)<span style=""> </span>dan daun telinga.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >Tulang keras/tulang sejati/osteon<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Osteon berfungsi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sebagai penyusun sistem rangka tubuh.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sebagai pelindung organ-organ yang vital.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Terbentuk melalui proses :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Osifikasi </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu proses perubahan tulang rawan/tulang muda menjadi tulang sejati atau tulang keras.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Pada peristiwa ini tulang rawan akan terisi dengan matriks Calcium, protein, sedikit zat perekat kolagen sehingga akan membuat tulang sejati bersifat kaku/tidak lentur dan membuat tulang mudah retak atau patah. Secara perlahan matriks tulang rawan akan terisi oleh Calcium dan<span style=""> </span>fosfor (phosphate), hal inilah yang membuat osteon menjadi<span style=""> </span>keras. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Kalsifikasi </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu proses pengisian Calcium Carbonat pada peristiwa osifikasi.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembentuk sel tulang sejati disebut osteocyte/osteosit. Osteosit ini akan dibentuk oleh osteoblast yaitu sel tulang muda yang nantinya akan membentuk osteosit/perombak sel-sel tulang.<span style=""> </span>Selaput pelindung tulang sejati disebut periosteum.<span style=""> </span>Kandungan yang terdapat dalam matriks osteon adalah Calcium Carbonat atau CaCO<sub><span style="font-size:12pt;">3</span></sub> dan Calcium Phosphat atau Ca<sub><span style="font-size:12pt;">3</span></sub>(PO<sub><span style="font-size:12pt;">4</span></sub>)<sub><span style="font-size:12pt;">2</span></sub>. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Apabila tulang dipotong secara melintang dan dilihat dengan mikroskop akan tampak gambaran suatu sistem yang disebut sistem Havers/Haversii. Sistem Havers/Haversii yaitu suatu kesatuan sel-sel tulang dan matriks tulang mengelilingi suatu pembuluh darah dan saraf yang membentuk suatu sistem. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Di dalam sistem ini terdapat lamella konsentris atau lingkaran-lingkaran yang merupakan kesatuanpembuluh darah dan sel saraf.<span style=""> </span>Selain itu dalam lamella konsentris terdapat rongga/cawan tempat sel tulang berada yang disebut lakuna. Jika sel tulang telah mati hanya akan nampak rongga/lekukannya saja. <span style=""> </span>Antar lakuna dihubungkan dengan saluran kecil beruapa kanal yang disebut dengan kanalikuli yang berfungsi untuk menyalurkan kebutuhan nutrisi sel tulang dalam pertumbuhannya. Saluran ini tersusun dari pembuluh darah dan sel saraf.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Pembagian tulang :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Berdasarkan bentuknya dibedakan menjadi : <span style=""> </span>(PIPIPEN) <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Symbol;" ><span style="">©<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang pipa/panjang<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tulang ini pada umumnya berbentuk tabung, berongga dan memanjang. Pada kedua bagian ujungnya terjadi perluasan tulang. Fungsi dari perluasan ini untuk berhubungan dengan tulang yang lain. Pada rongga tulang ini berisi sumsum kuning dan lemak. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tulang<span style=""> </span>pipa terbagi menjadi 3 bagian yaitu epifise yaitu bagian dikedua ujung tulang yang berbentuk bonggol/membulat, kemudian bagian tengah tulang yang disebut diafise. Daerah antara diafise dengan epifise terdapat cakraepifise a9tepatnya lebih mengarah pada dekat ujung epifise) yang tersusun dari cartilago yang aktif membelah pada usia pertumbuhan. Pada orang dewasa cakraepifise ini sudah menulang. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tulang pipa dapat dijumpai pada Os. Humerus, Os. Radius, Os. Ulna, Os. Tibia, Os. Fibula, ruas-ruas Os. Digiti Phalanges Manus, dll.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Symbol;" ><span style="">©<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang pipih<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tulang pipih berbentuk gepeng memipih, tipis. Tulang ini tersusun dari 2 buah lempengan tulang kompak dan tulang spons. Rongga diantara kedua lempengan tulang tersebut terisi sumsum merah.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tulang pipih dapat dijumpai pada Os. Costae, Os. Scapula, Os. Sternum, Os. Cranium, dll.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Symbol;" ><span style="">©<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang pendek<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tulang pendek berbentuk bulat dan pendek tidak beraturan atau silinder kecil. Rongga tulang pendek berisi sumsum merah. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Tulang pendek dapat dijumpai pada ruas-ruas Os. Vertebrae, ruas-ruas Os. Tarsal, ruas-ruas Os. Carpal, dll.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Berdasarkan matriksnya dibedakan menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Symbol;" ><span style="">©<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang kompak/padat<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu merupakan tulang yang memiliki matriks padat dan rapat. Tidak dijumpai adanya celah tanpa matriks<span style=""> </span>dalam rongga tulang ini. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Dapat dijumpai pada tulang pipa/tulang panjang. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">©<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang spons/bunga karang</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu merupakan tulang yang memiliki matriks yang tidak padat/berongga. Dapat dijumpai pada tulang pipih dan tulang pendek.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Berdasarkan letaknya tulang dibedakan menjadi : <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Symbol;" ><span style="">©<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang Axial terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">A.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang Tengkorak :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang dahi<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 1 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang ubun-ubun<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang kepala bagianbelakang<span style=""> </span>= 1 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang pelipis<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang baji<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang tapis<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang mata<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">8)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang air mata<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">9)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang rongga mata<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">10)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang pipi<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">11)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang hidung<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">12)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang rahang atas<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">13)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang rahang bawah<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">14)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang langit-langit<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">15)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang pangkal lidah<span style=""> </span>= 1 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">B.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang Pendengaran :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang martil<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang landasan<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang sanggurdi <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">C.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang badan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang leher<span style=""> </span>= 7 ruas</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang punggung<span style=""> </span>= 12 ruas</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang pinggang<span style=""> </span>= 5 ruas</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang kelangkang<span style=""> </span>= 5 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang ekor <span style=""> </span>=4 ruas (menyatu)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">D.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang dada :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang dada bagian hulu<span style=""> </span>= 1 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang dada bagian badan<span style=""> </span>= 1 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang dada bagian taju pedang<span style=""> </span>= 1buah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">E.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang rusuk :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang rusuk sejati <span style=""> </span>= 7 pasang</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang rusuk palsu<span style=""> </span>= 3 pasang</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang rusuk melayang<span style=""> </span>= 2 pasang</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">F.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang gelang bahu :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang selangka<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang belikat<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">G.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang gelang panggul :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang usus<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang duduk<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang kemaluan<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Symbol;" ><span style="">©<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang Apendikuler/Extremitas<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">A. Tulang pergerakan atas :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang lengan atas<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang pengumpil <span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang hasta<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang pergelangan tangan<span style=""> </span>= 2 x 8 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang telapak tangan<span style=""> </span>= 2 x 5 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang ruas jari tangan<span style=""> </span>= 2 x 14 ruas</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;">B. <b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tulang pergerakan bawah :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang paha<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang tempurung lutut<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang betis<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang kering<span style=""> </span>= 2 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang pergelangan kaki<span style=""> </span>= 2 x 7 ruas</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang telapak kaki<span style=""> </span>= 2 x 5 buah</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulang ruas jari kaki<span style=""> </span>= 2 x 14 ruas</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">CATATAN : <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">UNTUK PENAMAAN TULANG DALAM BAHASA LATIN LIHAT RINGKASAN SISTEM GERAK MATERI 3.2 (PROGRAM EXCEL).</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >Persendian/artikulasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Merupakan hubungan antara 2 buah tulang. Struktur khusus yang terdapat pada artikulasi yang dapat memungkinkanuntuk pergerakan disebut<span style=""> </span>dengan sendi.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Artikulasi dapat dibedakkan menjadi :</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">SINARTHROSIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Disebut juga dengan sendi mati.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antara 2 tulang yang tidak dapat digerakkan sama sekali. Artikulasi ini tidak memiliki celah sendi dan dihubungkan dengan jaringan serabut. Dijumpai pada hubungan tulang pada tulang-tulang tengkorak yang disebut sutura/suture.<span style=""></span><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">AMFIARTHROSIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Disebut juga dengan sendi kaku.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antara 2 tulang<span style=""> </span>yang dapat digerakkan secara terbatas. Artikulasi ini dihubungkan dengan cartilago.<span style=""> </span>Dijumpai pada hubungan ruas-ruas tulang belakang, tulang rusuk dengan tulang belakang.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">DIARTHROSIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Disebut juga dengan sendi hidup.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antara 2 tulang <span style=""> </span>yang <span style=""> </span>dapat digerakkan secara leluasa atau tidak terbatas. Untuk melindungi bagian ujung-ujung tulang sendi, di daerah persendian terdapat rongga yang berisi minyak sendi/cairan synovial yang berfunggsi sebagai pelumas sendi.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Dapat dibedakan menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">a)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Sendi engsel <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar tulang yang memungkinkan gerakan hanya satu arah saja. Dijumpai pada hubungan tulang Os. Humerus dengan Os. Ulna dan Os. Radius/sendi pada siku, hubungan antar Os. Femur dengan Os. Tibia dan Os. Fibula/sendi pada lutut.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">b)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Sendi pelana/sendi sellaris<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar tulang yang memungkinkan <span style=""> </span>gerakan kedua arah. Dijumpai pada hubungan antara Os. Carpal dengan Os. Metacarpal, sendi pada tulang ibu jari.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">c)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Sendi putar<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar tulang yang memungkinkan salah satu tulang berputar terhadap tulang yang lain sebagai porosnya. Dijumpai pada hubungan antara Os. Humerus dengan Os. Ulna dan Os. Radius, hubungan antar Os. Atlas dengan Os. Cranium.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">d)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Sendi peluru/endartrosis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar tulang yang memungkinkan gerakan ke segala arah/gerakan bebas. Dijumpai pada hubungan Os. Scapula dengan Os. Humerus, hubungan antara Os. Femur dengan Os. Pelvis virilis.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">e)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Sendi geser<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar tulang yang memungkinkan gerakan pada satu bidang<span style=""> </span>saja atau gerakan bergeser. Dijumpai pada ruas-ruas Os. Vertebrae, ruas-ruas Os. Metatarsal dan ruas-ruas Os. Metacarpal.</p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">f)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Sendi<span style=""> </span>luncur<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar tulang yang memungkinkan gerakan badan melengkung ke depan (membungkuk) dan ke belakang serta gerakan memutar (menggeliat).</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">g)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Sendi gulung<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar tulang yang gerakan tulangnya seolah-olah mengitari tulang yang lain. Dijumpai pada hubungan Os. Metacarpal dengan Os. Radius. </p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">h)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Sendi ovoid<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar tulang yang memungkinkan gerakan berporos dua, dengan gerak ke kiri dan ke kanan; gerakan maju dan mundur; gerakan muka/depan dan belakang.<span style=""> </span>Ujung tulang yang satu berbentuk ovaldanmasuk ke dalam suatu lekuk yang berbentuk elips. Dijumpai pada hubungan Os. Radius dengan Os. Carpal.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:20pt;" >Alat Gerak Aktif/Otot<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >Berdasarkan struktur selnya dibedakan menjadi<span style=""> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style="">Otot Polos/Licin<o:p></o:p></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Memiliki bentuk sel otot seperti silibdris/gelendong dengan kedua ujung meruncing.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Memiliki satu buah inti sel yang terletak di tengah sel otot.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mempunyai permukaan sel otot yang polos dan halus/licin.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pergerakan sel otot ini diluar kehendak/tanpa disadari dengan sifat pergerakan lambat dan teratur. Sehingga dengan demikian tidak memungkinkan cepat lelah pada sel otot.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sel otot ini banyak dijumpai di seluruh organ dalam tubuh keculai jantung dan rangka.</p><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style="">Otot Lurik/Seran Lintang/Rangka<o:p></o:p></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Memiliki bentuk sel yang panjang seperti serabut/benang/filament.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Memiliki banyak inti sel yang terletak di tepi.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Memiliki permukaan yang tampak bergaris-garis gelap dan terang yanag melintang pada struktur selnya. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya myofibril yang tidak seragam/tidak sama tebalnya pad permukaan sel otot.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pergerakan sel otot ini sesuai dengan kehendak/diperintah oleh otak. Sehingga sifat pergerakannya cepat dan tidak teratur serta mudah lelah.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sel otot ini hanya dijumpai di rangka, karena melekat di tulang untuk pergerakan.</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style="">Otot Jantung/myocardium<o:p></o:p></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Memiliki bentuksel yang memanjang seperti serabut/filament yang bercabang. Percabangan sel otot jantung disebut dengan Sinsitium.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Memilki banyak inti sel yang terletak di tepi agak ke tengah.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pergerakan sel otot ini tanpa disadari/diluar kehendak.s ehingga sifat pergerakannya adalah lamat, teratur dan tidak mudah lelah.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">§<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sel otot ini hanya dijumpai pada organ jantung.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >Berdasarkan cara kerjanya dibedakan <span style=""> </span>menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Otot sinergis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar otot yang cara kerjanya saling mendukung/bekerja sama/menimbulkan gerakan yang searah.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in; line-height: normal;">Ex : <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">©<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Seluruh otot pronator yang mengatur pergerakan telapak<span style=""> </span>tangan untuk menelungkup.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">©<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Seluruh otot supinator yang mengatur pergerakan telapak tangan m enengadah.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Otot antagonis <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu hubungan antar otot sayng cara kerjanya saling berlawanan/bertolak belakang/tidak searah.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Macamynya :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Otot ekstensor (meluruskan) dengan fleksor (membengkokkan).</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Otot abductor (menjauhi sumbu badan) dengan adductor (mendekatisumbu badan).</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Otot supinator (menengadah) dengan pronator (menelungkup).</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Otot depressor (gerakan ke bawah) dengan elevator (gerakan ke atas).</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >Berdasarkan perlekatannya dibedakan<span style=""> </span>menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">1<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Origo<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu bagian ujung otot yang melekat pada tulang dengan pergerakan yang tetap/stabil pada saat kontraksi.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">2<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Insersio<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu bagian ujung otot yang melekat pada tulang dengan pergerakan yang berubah posisi pada saat kontraksi.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >Bagan/skema mekanisme cara kerja otot.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">1<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Kontraksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t32" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="32" oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" connecttype="none"> <o:lock ext="edit" shapetype="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1040" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251664896; left: 0px; margin-left: 529px; margin-top: 21px; width: 81px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1040" height="12" width="81" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1038" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251662848; left: 0px; margin-left: 94px; margin-top: 22px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1038" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1039" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251663872; left: 0px; margin-left: 242px; margin-top: 5px; width: 40px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1039" height="12" width="40" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251658752; left: 0px; margin-left: 368px; margin-top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1034" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251659776; left: 0px; margin-left: 304px; margin-top: 21px; width: 67px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1035" height="12" width="67" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1036" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251660800; left: 0px; margin-left: 513px; margin-top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1036" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1037" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251661824; left: 0px; margin-left: 448px; margin-top: 41px; width: 76px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1037" height="12" width="76" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251652608; left: 0px; margin-left: 224px; margin-top: 41px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1028" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251650560; left: 0px; margin-left: 140px; margin-top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1026" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]-->Impuls <span style=""> </span>sel otot<span style=""> </span>ujung saraf<span style=""> </span>asetilkolin<span style=""> </span>sel otot <span style=""> </span>membebaskan ion Ca 2<sup><span style="font-size:12pt;">+</span></sup><span style=""> </span>protein aktin + myosin <span style=""> </span>aktomiosin<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>serabut otot memendek<span style=""> </span>kontraksi.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">2<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Relaksasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251651584; left: 0px; margin-left: 94px; margin-top: 23px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1027" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251653632; left: 0px; margin-left: 442px; margin-top: 23px; width: 71px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1029" height="12" width="71" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251654656; left: 0px; margin-left: 442px; margin-top: 4px; width: 71px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1030" height="12" width="71" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251655680; left: 0px; margin-left: 289px; margin-top: 4px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1031" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1032" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251656704; left: 0px; margin-left: 236px; margin-top: 23px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1032" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251657728; left: 0px; margin-left: 141px; margin-top: 4px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/lakupa/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1033" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]-->Impuls <span style=""> </span>plasma sel otot <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>menyerap Ca 2<sup><span style="font-size:12pt;">+</span></sup><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>aktomiosin <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>aktin + myosin <span style=""> </span>serabut otot memanjang<span style=""> </span>relaksasi.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:20pt;" >Kelainan pada tulang dan otot <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >Penyebab kelaian oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Genetis</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Kuman penyakit.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Kelainan susunan tulang dan sendi.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Kebiasaan sikap duduk yang salah.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Kebiasaan aktivitas kerja yang berlebihan.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Kurang gizi.</li><li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Kecelakaan.</li></ul> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >Macam kelainan pada sistem gerak<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Fraktura /patah tulang </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan pada tulang akibat kecelakaan, baik kendaraan bermotor atau jatuh. Dibedakan menjadi 2 yaitu fraktura yang tertutup (patah tulang yang tidak sampai merobek<span style=""> </span>kulit/otot) dan fraktura yang terbuka (patah tulang yang merobek/menembus kulit/otot).</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Osteoporosis <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan pada tulang <span style=""> </span>yang disebakan karena adanya pengeropososan tulang. Hal ini karena tubuh sudah tidak mampu lagi menyerap dan menggunakan Calcium<span style=""> </span>secara normal.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Fisura/retak tulang <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan tulang yang<span style=""> </span>menimbulkan keretakan pada tulang, akibat kecelakaaan.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Lordosis <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan tulang karena sikap duduk sehingga tulang belakang<span style=""> </span>melekung pada daerah lumbalis. Ha ini akan mengakibatkan posisi kepala tertarik ke belakang.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Skolisosis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan tulang karena sikap duduk sehingga tulang belakang melekung ke araah lateral. Hal ini akan<span style=""> </span>menyebabkan badan akan bengkok membentuk huruf S.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Kifosis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan tulang karena sikap duduk sehingga tulang belakang yanag terlalu membengkok ke<span style=""> </span>belakang.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Hipertrofi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan otot yang membesar dan menjadi lebih kuat karena sel otot diberikan kegiatan/aktivitas yang terus menerus secara berlebihan.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Atrofi <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan otot yang mengecil, lemah, fungsi otot yang menurun. Hal ini disebabkan adanya penyakit polimielitis yang dapat merusakkan sel saraf pada otot<o:p>
<br /></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Stiff/kaku leher<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan otot karena adanya peradangan otot trapesius leher akibat gerakan yang menghentak secara tiba-tiba/salah gerak. </p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tetanus<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Yaitu kelainan otot yang disebabkan adanya infeksi bakteri <i style="">Clostridium tetani</i>. Sehingga menyebabkan otot menjadi kejang-kejang.</p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Dll.</p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 115%; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);font-size:20pt;" >DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><h1></h1><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Ahmad. 2003. <i style="">Kamus Lengkap Kedokteran Edisi Revisi</i>. Gita Media Press, Surabaya. h. 127, 204 – 205, 215, 217, 249, 251. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="SV">Amien, M. 1995. <i style="">Biologi 2 untuk Sekolah Menengah Umum Kelas 2</i>. Penerbit Balai Pustaka, Jakarta. h. 69, 70, 74 – 75, 78, 81, 85 – 86. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite, Chicago. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="SV">Furqonita,D. 2007. <i style="">Seri IPA-BIOLOGI 3 SMP Kelas IX</i>. Quadra-Penerbit Yuhistira, Jakarta. h. 47 – 48, 51, 61.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="SV">Kadaryanto et al. 2006. <i style="">Biologi 2</i>. Penerbit Yudhistira, Jakarta. h. 53, 56.</span><span style="" lang="SV"> </span><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Karmana, O. Dan Anwar, A. 1987. <i style="">Penuntun Pelajaran BIOLOGI Berdasarkan Kurikulum 1984 Disesuaikan dengan GBPP 1987. Untuk SMA kelas IIA2 Semester 3 dan 4</i>. Penerbit Ganeca Exact, Bandung. h. 232, 234, 236 - 237.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Lawrence, E. 1991. <i style="">Hendersdon’s Dictionary of Biological Terms Tenth Edition</i>. Longman Scientific & Technical. Longman Group (FE) Ltd. England. h. 161, 176, 503, 530.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="SV">Pratiwi, D.A. et al. 2000. <i style="">Buku Penuntun Biologi untuk SMU kelas 2</i>. Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta. h. 74 – 78.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="SV">Prawirohartono,S. dan Hadisumarto, S. 1999. <i style="">Sains Biologi-2b,Untuk SMU Kelas 2 Tengah Tahun Kedua Sesuai Kurikulum 1994</i>. Penerbit Bumi Aksara,<span style=""> </span>Jakarta. h. 82, 84, 89, 87.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="SV">Prawirohartono, S. dan Kuncorowati. 2003. <i style="">Biologi 2 Untuk Kelas 2 SLTPKurikulum 1994 Semester 1 dan Semester 2</i>. Penerbit Bumi Aksara, Jakarta. h. 94, 96, 100, 102, 105, 109.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="SV">Saktiyono. 2004. <i style="">Sains : Biologi SMP 2 Untuk Kelas VIII</i>. Esis-Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta. h. 63, 74, 78, 80.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="SV">--------------. 2004. <i style="">Sains : IPA Biologi 2 Untuk SLTP Kelas 2</i>. Esis-Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta. h. 32 – 33, 45.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="" lang="SV">Tim IPA SMP/MTs. 2007. <i style="">Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 2 Untuk SMP/MTs Kelas VIII</i>. Galaxy Puspa Mega, Jakarta. <span style=""> </span>h. 18, 21.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="SV">Tim Biologi SMU.1997. Biologi 2. Galaxy Puspa Mega. Jakarta. </span><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><i style=""><span style=";font-family:";" lang="SV">
<br /></span></i><i style=""><span style=";font-family:";" lang="SV"></span></i><i style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=""> </span></p> NURRIJALhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11998250858580061409noreply@blogger.com0